American Revolution

The French and Indian War left England with a huge war debt. How were they going to pay? Tax the colonists, of course!

Taxing was one source of revenue but there were other restrictions on trade and migration which would benefit the English government.

A restriction on migration included the Proclamation of 1763 which forbade colonists from settling west of an imaginary line which ran from Canada down to Georgia along the Appalachian mountains. The proclamation was supposed to protect settlers from hostile Indians as well as restrict trade between them.

Other new acts of taxation came into effect including the Sugar and Stamp Acts, Townshend Acts, and the Tea Act. These acts taxed everyday items and were supposed to prevent contraband trade.

The reaction to the Stamp Act, which basically taxed anything that was printed, included rioting and threats of revolution. The Stamp Act was repealed and replaced with the Townshend Act.

In reaction to the Townshend Act, Colonists boycotted English made goods.

In 1770, Bostonians feel that the British troops are more of a threat than protection. A crowd of angry civiliants taunt British soldiers that are guarding the Boston Customs House. The soldiers fire on 11 of them resulting in 5 deaths including Crispus Attucks, the first African-American killed in the American Revolution. This incident served as propaganda for anti-British colonists.

In reaction to the tea tax, a group of colonists disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians and boarded three ships carrying tea. They then dumped the tea into Boston Harbour. This would later be known as the Boston Tea Party.

Boston Merchants offered to pay for the tea but England passed a set of four new laws to punish the colonists for the lost tea and revenue collectively known as the Coersive Act.

The Coersive Act included: The Boston Port Act, The Massachusettes Government Act, The Impartial Administration of Justice Act and The Quartering Act.

England Passed a 5th law, The Quebec Act, that allowed French Canadians (now British Citizens) to continue their way of life. This was an act to prevent an uprising in Canada.

The four laws of the Coersive Act plus the Quebec Act were known as the Intolerable Act.

The First Continental Congress met in Philadelpha in September of 1774 and produced a "Declaration of rights" that asked for Peace, Liberty, and Security.

As the revolution begins colonists form Militias, citizen soldiers, and Minutemen, militia units ready to respond on a minute's notice to any threat from British troops

In 1775, the British are marching toward Concord, Massachusetts to search for a suspected munitions storage site. The minutemen are warned by Paul Revere, William Dawes, and a third rider, Dr. Samuel Prescott.

The minutemen meet the British troops at Lexington and skirmish with them. This is the first battle of the American Revolution and the "Shot heard around the world".

To help suppress the revolution, Lord Dunmore passes a proclamation offering freedom to all "indented servents, nergroes, or others, who would help put down the rebellion"

The Second Continental Congress met on May 10, 1775 and had two main goals: raise and supply and army and explore reconciliation with England.

The Second Continental Congress also chose George Washington as the Continental Army's Commander.

June 1775- Bunker Hill. The battle started at Breed's Hill and while the British lost more men, they were still victorious. The Continental soldiers volleyed at close range making their aim deadly.

The "Tyrant" we were fighting against was King George III.

On July 4, 1776, a formal statement was adopted by the Second Continental Congress declaring independence from England. The author was a young Virginian named Thomas Jefferson. The Declaration of Independence listed justifications for rebellion and declared the colonies to be independent of Britain.

On December 26, 1776, Washington captured a Hessian garrison wintering in Trenton, New Jersey. Hessians were soldiers hired by the British to fight the American rebels.

Reconciliation came in the form of the Olive Branch Petition. It was rejected by England.

The Boston Massacre was only one form of justification for independence. A pamphlet called "Common Sense", written by Thomas Paine, aka T Paine, laid out a lively and compelling case for independence.

Here are some of the revolutionary population:

Militia- citizen soldiers

Regulars - full-time soldiers

Loyalists - those loyal to England, aka "tories"

One man's hero is another man's traitor. And so was the case of General Benedict Arnold who took command of West Point only to have planned on surrendering it to the British. His plan was revealed when his courier was captured. Arnold then served in the British Army but was never trusted.

The Battle of Saratoga was a decisive American victory. After battles along the Hudston river, the British surrendered. This battle influenced the French to formally sign an alliance with the Americans and join the war.

The winter of 1777 -1778 at Valley Forge, PA was hard on the Continental Army. 2,000 men died from sickness and 8 to 10 men deserted per day. Most were starving and barefoot in the frigid cold winter.

Baron Friedrich von Steuben from Prussia helped train the Continental Army. The army had received money, loans, uniforms and weapons from other sources--France, Spain, Holland. Strict military training was lacking in the Continental Army and von Steuben's training changed them into professional soldiers.

With France as an American ally, Spain also joined in the war as an ally to France because of the Bourbon Family Compact. Both France and Spain were ruled by the same family, the Bourbons.

Spain's role in the American revolution included the blockade of the Mississippi River and fighting the British in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.

Governor Bernardo de Galvez, namesake of Galveston, was successful in defeating the British at the Battle of Saratoga which gave Florida back to Spain.

General Cornwallis, the commander of the British Army was outnumbered and out of provisions when General Washington and Compte de Rochanbeau from France met him at Yorktown, Virginia. Cornwallis surrendered and instead of surrendering his sword to Washington in person, he sent his second in command. Washington did the same.

Fighting would go on for another two years around the world: Caribbean, Atlantic, and India.

The treaty that ended the war and gave America its independence was the Treaty of Paris 1783.

French and Indian War

In 1754, England found itself in another war with France (after a series of wars which spread from Europe to the New World). This new war began as a dispute over the Ohio Valley. New England trappers were fierce competition against French trappers.

As the French began to extend their claim from Canada into the Ohio Valley, they built forts along the way. A young British major named George Washington was sent to kindly tell the French that they were encroaching on English land and that they should leave so the two sides could remain at peace with each other.

The first answer was "non". Washington then returned a group of Indian allies and armed Virginians who skirmished with a French encampment. Washington and his men then retreated and built Ft. Neccessity. The French attacked the fort and killed a significant number of men. Washington surrendered and was sent back to Virginia.

France had many early victories during the war including the capture of Ft. William Henry. However, the outcome of the war favored the British when their navy sailed toward France's two major settlements, Quebec and Montreal. After both French settlements fell, France surrendered. The formal treaty that ended the French and Indian War was The Treaty of Paris 1763.

18th Century New England Immigration

Between 1700 and 1770, New England colonies became more diverse. By 1770, the colonies became less Anglo and less white. Immigrants included Scots, Scots-Irish, Africans, Germans as well as a small percentage of English.

Many came for different reasons--either to escape war or poverty. Each group brought different religions and of course, language and culture.

While European immigrants came by choice, those from Africa did not. Most were slaves or servants. They are an example of forced migration.

Slavery in the colonies varied by region. Slaves in the north, if ever used, were used mostly for domestic work or raising livestock. Slaves in the south were primarily used for agriculture as southern crops depended on slave labor -- tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar, etc. Slave labor was necessary for he southern economy and to provide the old world with new world products.

For some, slavery and indentured servitude were the same thing. However, an indentured servant was only under a master for 4 to 7 years, while slaves were under complete control for their entire lives.

Some servants and slaves were able to buy their freedom. Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vass) was able to buy his freedom and publish his own narrative. He mentions how he was kidnapped and how he spent most of his life as a sailor.

African contributions to the new world include the banjoy, sweet potato, and musical rhythms.

The 18th Century also experienced The Great Awakening. Revivals led by George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards along with other preachers brought a new sense of spiritual enlightenment to the colonies.

Exam I

Exam I will consist of 70 questions - all multiple choice. I will provide the scantrons, just bring a pencil and maybe a lucky charm if needed. Good luck.

Also, today at 12:30, Pastors for Peace will be speaking about their Caravan through Mexico to Cuba. This will be in G-191.

Read Chapter 5 for tomorrow.

Monday's Main Topics

Northern and Middle Colonies

Maryland - haven for Catholics

Lord Baltimore

Pilgrims

Plymouth

Massachussetts Bay Colony

John Winthrop

Masoset

Squanto

New Amsterdam

New York

Charles I

Oliver Cromwell

Charles II

Duke of York

Manhattan

Manhate

Peter Minuit

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

William Penn

Quakers

Salem Wytche Trials

Navigation Acts

King Phillip's War

Southern Colonies

The Southern Colonies we discussed were early English settlements on the eastern coast of the U.S.

Roanoake

Jamestown

John Smith

Pocohantas

John Rolfe

Algonquin

Trade between the English and Indians

Tobacco trade

Virginia Company

Joint Stock Exchange

James I

Protestant Reformation

English Reformation

Henry VIII

Mary I "Bloody Mary"

Edward VI

Puritanism

Persecution of Puritans

Spanish Exploration

Treaty of Tordesillas

Geographic Revolution and Columbian Exchange

Race for land - England: John Cabot

Spanish Exploration:

Amerigo Vespucci

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Ferdinand Magellan

Portugal: Pedro Alvares Cabral

Martin Waldeemüller

Spanish Exploration and Conquest of Mexico

Hernan Cortes

Malinali

Montezuma

Francisco Pizarro

Juan Ponce de Leon

Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon

Panfilo de Narvaez

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

Hernando de Soto

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo

Spaniards vs. Aztecs

New Spain in the Sixteenth Century

Royal Fifth

Encomienda System

Social Hierachy defined by national origin or race

Research Project/Book Review

For your research project, you will be reviewing a history book written by historians for historians. This excludes children's books and fiction. The book you will choose can be on any American History topic from Ancient America thru 1865.

The review will be 2 to 3 pages, single-spaced, 12 point Times font. If you turn in less than 2 pages, it will cost you at least a letter grade.

This will be due August 2 at the beginning of class.

Below is the format/outline for your book review. Do include the bold text in your outline.

Title of Book (author, book, publisher)

Author: (author info should include academics, professional career, awards, other written works, etc)

Theme: (what the book is about)

Thesis: (what the author wants to prove)

Style and Method: (Style is the type of book, ie., narrative, chronology, biography, etc.)
(Method is how the author put the book together and the type of sources used)

Summary: (Explain what the book is about)

Critique: (Your conclusion about the text. Don't use first person)

Chapter 2

Here are the main topics we covered:

European Exploration

Need for Exploration

Black Plague

Portuguese Exploration

Mediterranean trade

Portuguese Explorers

Africa

Portuguese colonization and slave trade

Columbus

Chapter 1

These are the main topics we covered today:

Historians vs. Archeologists

Ancient America - early migration to the Americans

Ancient Cultures - Paleo-Indian hunters, Clovis and Post Clovis people, Archaic Hunters and Gatherers, Pacific Coast Cultures, Great Basin Culture, Great Plains Bison Hunters, East Woodland Cultures, Anasazi, Meso-American cultures

History 1301 - Summer II

Welcome to History 1301. You should have received a syllabus in class today. Below are scheduled dates for exams, research, etc.

July 12 - First day of class

July 20 - Exam I

July 28 - Exam II

August 2 - Research project due

August 4 - Last Day to Drop

August 5 - Exam III

August 11 - Final Exam

The Cold War

The Cold War can best be described as U.S. - Soviet relations after World War II. The Soviet influence on Eastern Europe brought distrust. The Soviet Union, once an ally in World War II, brought distrust by its influence in Eastern Europe. Countries such as Poland, Czechoslavakia, Bulgaria, Hungary as well as the eastern part of divided Germany would all fall to communism.

Topics:

American & Soviet relations

American Democracy vs. Soviet Communism

President Truman

Paths to Peace with the Soviet Union

U.S. Military presence (globally)

Atomic Monopoly

Soviet Expansion

The "Iron Curtain"

Eastern Bloc

Warsaw Pact vs. NATO

U.S. Reaction to Soviet Expansion

Containment Policy

Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan

Berlin

Berlin Airlift

Global Response

Latin America - Rio Pact, Organization of American States

The Middle East

The Korean War

North Korea vs. South Korea - Communism vs. Democracy

Kim Il Sung, Syngman Rhee

38th Parallel

Invasion of South Korea

"Liberation of North Korea"

Peace Talks

Armistice and non-aggression treaty

Vietnam

Origins of foreign occupancy - French conquest

French Indochina

Viet Mihn and Vietnamese independence

Ho Chi Mihn

Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North) vs Republic of Vietnam (South)

Communist North Vs. Democratic South

17th Parallel

Hanoi

Saigon

President Kennedy and Vietnam

President Johnson and Vietnam

Viet Cong

Tonkin Gulf

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

William Westmoreland

Ho Chi Mihn Trail

Tet Offensive

American objection to Vietnam

Walter Cronkite

Richard Nixon

Vietnamization

Paris Peace Accords

War Powers Act

Roosevelt and World War II

While dealing with the Great Depression, Roosevelt is aware of Adolf Hitler and Germany's actions in Europle. Although France and England are drawn into war, Roosevelt, like Wilson, seeks to remain neutral. The United States is drawn into World War II not by Germany but by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. We fight on two fronts, the European Theater and the Pacific Theater. Early in the war, the allies are losing on both fronts but gain victories as the Soviets open a third front. The Nazi's cannot fight a three fronted war and are eventually pushed back to Germany where they make their last stand in Berlin. The Japanese are defeated with a new weapon, the atomic bomb, which the United States uses to destroy two major industrial cities. The new weapon forces the Japanese to unconditionally surrender.

Topics:

Adolf Hitler

Concentration camps

Jewish refugees in the Americas

Nativism/anti-semitism in the United States

Mario Luis Kreutzberger Blumenfeld

Invasion of Poland

Battle of Britain

Burke-Wadsworth Act

Land-Lease Act

Pearl Harbor

Singapore

Guam

Philippines

Hong Kong

Declaration of War on Japan

Allies

Axis

Anti-Japanese resentment

Anti-German, Austrian and Italian resentment

Interment Camps

Crystal City, Texas

Battle of Midway

Battle of Leyte

Battle of Okinawa

War Bonds

Rationing

Manhattan Project

Atomic Bomb

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

"Operation Overlord"

Battle of the Bulge

Conquest of Berlin

Surrender of Germany

Potsdam Conference

Alex

It looks like it missed us but we got a lot of rain and a few tornados